Which jobs are most likely to be replaced by robots?

The occupations with the highest robot impact today are Assembly Line Worker — Repetitive, Warehouse Picker / Packer, Floor Cleaning Staff — Commercial, Welder — Repetitive Production, Hospital Ward Cleaner. Each scores above 80 on the Geppetto Robot Impact Index, combining high physical repetition with low judgment requirements, which is why commercial robots target them first.

Which jobs are safest from robot automation?

The occupations least affected by robots score below 10 on the Geppetto Robot Impact Index and center on human judgment, trust, and unstructured problem solving: Priest / Religious Leader, Entrepreneur, Criminal Defence Lawyer, Senior Software Engineer, Civil Engineer — Structural Design.

How is the Robot Impact Score calculated?

It is a composite: O*NET task exposure (35 percent), IFR robot deployment data (30 percent), Oxford and OECD academic research (20 percent), and robot density, the count of commercial robots targeting the role (15 percent). It is Geppetto's own measure, not produced or endorsed by those sources. It describes an occupation category, not any individual person's job.

Will Robots Replace My Job? 240 Professions Ranked by Robot Impact

The Geppetto Jobs Index scores 261 occupations from 0 to 100 for robot impact, measuring how much commercial robot deployment is observably affecting each role today. It is a composite of O*NET task exposure, International Federation of Robotics deployment data, Oxford and OECD academic research, and the number of commercial robots currently targeting each occupation. The highest-impact role is Assembly Line Worker — Repetitive, scoring 92.7 out of 100.

Rank	Profession	Robot Impact Score	Impact	Robots Targeting	Timeline
1	Assembly Line Worker — Repetitive	92.7	Very High	254	near-term
2	Warehouse Picker / Packer	90.6	Very High	25	near-term
3	Floor Cleaning Staff — Commercial	90.4	Very High	51	near-term
4	Welder — Repetitive Production	86	Very High	236	near-term
5	Hospital Ward Cleaner	84.4	Very High	62	near-term
6	Packaging Machine Operator	83.6	Very High	246	near-term
7	Material Handler	83.1	Very High	252	near-term
8	Delivery Driver — Last Mile	82.4	Very High	17	near-term
9	Press Operator	82.2	Very High	240	near-term
10	Inventory Clerk	81.4	Very High	25	near-term
11	CNC Machine Operator	80.4	Very High	244	near-term
12	Street Cleaner	80.1	Very High	43	near-term
13	Die Caster	80.1	Very High	240	near-term
14	Food Delivery Rider	79.9	High	16	near-term
15	Truck Loader / Unloader	79.7	High	25	near-term
16	Toll Booth Operator	79.5	High	2	near-term
17	Food Processing Worker	78.8	High	241	near-term
18	E-Commerce Order Picker	78.6	High	26	near-term
19	Hotel Housekeeper	78.4	High	50	near-term
20	Port Stevedore	77.9	High	33	near-term
21	Agricultural Picker / Harvester	77.6	High	38	near-term
22	Traffic Warden	77.1	High	5	near-term
23	Static Security Guard — Patrol	76.9	High	20	near-term
24	Price Labelling Clerk	76.8	High	25	near-term
25	Fruit Grader / Packer	76.8	High	33	near-term
26	Shipping Clerk	76.6	High	20	near-term
27	Quality Control Inspector — Visual	76.5	High	248	near-term
28	Crop Sprayer Operator	76.3	High	32	near-term
29	CCTV Surveillance Operator	76.2	High	29	near-term
30	Freight Loader	75.8	High	26	near-term
31	Grocery Store Cashier	75.6	High	2	near-term
32	Carpet Cleaner	74.4	High	52	near-term
33	Hotel Laundry Attendant	74.1	High	51	mid-term
34	Cruise Ship Steward	74.1	High	43	mid-term
35	Forklift Operator	73.8	High	20	near-term
36	Metal Fabricator	73.8	High	245	near-term
37	Electronic Assembler	73.6	High	11	near-term
38	Residential Window Cleaner	73.5	High	50	near-term
39	Battery Assembly Worker	73.2	High	12	near-term
40	Airport Baggage Handler	73.1	High	27	mid-term
41	Hotel Room Service Staff	73	High	15	near-term
42	Luggage Porter — Hotel	72.8	High	17	near-term
43	Refuse Collector	72.6	High	2	mid-term
44	Fast Food Worker	72.5	High	8	near-term
45	Parking Enforcement Officer	72.3	High	2	near-term
46	Gutter Cleaning Technician	72.2	High	45	near-term
47	Postal Counter Clerk	72	High	1	mid-term
48	Laundry Worker — Commercial	71.7	High	50	mid-term
49	Facade Cleaning Technician	71.7	High	42	near-term
50	Dishwasher — Commercial	71.6	High	8	near-term
51	Courier — Bike / E-Bike	70.8	High	9	near-term
52	Paint Spray Operator	70.4	High	3	near-term
53	Car Park Attendant — Automated Sites	70.3	High	3	near-term
54	Car Wash Attendant	69.9	High	2	near-term
55	Petrol Station Attendant	69.8	High	3	near-term
56	Returns Processing Clerk	69.5	High	20	near-term
57	Census Enumerator	69.4	High	3	near-term
58	Injection Moulding Operator	69.2	High	11	near-term
59	Court Clerk	69.1	High	2	mid-term
60	Soldering Technician	69	High	14	near-term
61	Dairy Farm Worker	68.5	High	27	near-term
62	Hotel Concierge — Basic	68.4	High	17	near-term
63	Hospital Porter	68.3	High	25	near-term
64	Lawn Maintenance Worker	67.9	High	5	near-term
65	Receptionist — Routine Check-in	67.7	High	9	near-term
66	Security Control Room Operator	67.5	High	15	near-term
67	Grain Elevator Operator	67.2	High	19	near-term
68	Airport Security Screener	67.2	High	18	mid-term
69	Postal / Mail Worker	66.8	High	10	mid-term
70	Ironing Service Worker	66.6	High	42	mid-term
71	Industrial Painter	66.5	High	3	near-term
72	Hotel Front Desk Agent	66.4	High	9	near-term
73	Mushroom Farm Worker	65.9	High	19	near-term
74	Line Cook	65.8	High	9	near-term
75	Parking Attendant	65.7	High	2	near-term
76	Tractor Operator	65.6	High	22	mid-term
77	Supermarket Stock Auditor	65.5	High	2	near-term
78	Pharmacy Counter Assistant	65.4	High	13	near-term
79	Hotel Bellhop	64.9	High	17	near-term
80	Semiconductor Fab Technician	64.2	High	3	near-term
81	Taxi / Ride-Share Driver	63.9	High	2	mid-term
82	Weighbridge Operator	63.6	High	2	near-term
83	Pipeline Inspector	63.5	High	25	near-term
84	Vineyard Worker	63.3	High	22	mid-term
85	Pool Maintenance Technician	62.9	High	0	near-term
86	Restaurant Server	62.4	High	16	mid-term
87	Textile Machine Operator	62.3	High	3	near-term
88	Sterile Services Technician	62.2	High	13	near-term
89	Rubber Products Worker	61.8	High	2	near-term
90	Bus Driver	61.6	High	3	mid-term
91	Data Entry Clerk	61.2	High	2	near-term
92	Bank Teller	60.7	High	2	near-term
93	Machine Setter / Setter-Operator	60.5	High	12	near-term
94	Wood Machine Operator	60.4	High	2	near-term
95	Retail Security Tag Checker	60.3	High	5	near-term
96	Train Driver	60.3	High	2	mid-term
97	Construction Labourer	60.2	High	18	mid-term
98	Bartender	60.1	High	8	mid-term
99	Concrete Finisher	60	High	9	near-term
100	Patient Transport Driver	59.9	Moderate	1	mid-term
101	Aquaculture Worker	59.8	Moderate	52	mid-term
102	Clinical Coder	59.7	Moderate	12	near-term
103	Glass Cutter	59.6	Moderate	3	near-term
104	Shelf Stacker — Retail	59.4	Moderate	2	near-term
105	Container Crane Operator	59.2	Moderate	3	mid-term
106	Sheet Metal Worker	58.7	Moderate	12	near-term
107	Livestock Farm Worker	58.4	Moderate	19	mid-term
108	Tax Preparer	58.2	Moderate	3	near-term
109	Greenhouse Grower	57.9	Moderate	23	mid-term
110	Demolition Worker	57.9	Moderate	2	mid-term
111	Insurance Claims Assessor	57.8	Moderate	3	mid-term
112	Call Centre Agent	57.6	Moderate	2	near-term
113	Cash Transit Guard	57.5	Moderate	12	mid-term
114	Road Surface Worker	57	Moderate	10	mid-term
115	Office Administrator	56.8	Moderate	2	near-term
116	Medical Secretary	56.8	Moderate	2	near-term
117	Blood Bank Technician	56.5	Moderate	12	mid-term
118	Long-Haul Truck Driver	56.4	Moderate	2	mid-term
119	Lab Technician — Routine Testing	56.2	Moderate	19	mid-term
120	Fleet Dispatcher	55.9	Moderate	3	mid-term
121	Plant Nursery Worker	55.7	Moderate	24	mid-term
122	Surveying & Mapping Technician	55.6	Moderate	39	mid-term
123	Snow Removal Worker	55.3	Moderate	5	mid-term
124	Pharmacy Dispenser — Routine	55.3	Moderate	12	mid-term
125	Immigration Officer	55.3	Moderate	3	mid-term
126	Insurance Underwriter	55.2	Moderate	2	near-term
127	Data Labeller / Content Indexer	55	Moderate	2	near-term
128	Bookkeeper	54.9	Moderate	4	near-term
129	Barista	54.7	Moderate	1	near-term
130	Credit Analyst	54.7	Moderate	2	mid-term
131	Job Centre Adviser	54.4	Moderate	2	mid-term
132	Legal Secretary	54.3	Moderate	2	near-term
133	Payroll Clerk	54.3	Moderate	2	near-term
134	Tunnel Worker	54.3	Moderate	2	mid-term
135	Border Security Officer — Routine Checks	53.9	Moderate	16	mid-term
136	Loan Officer — Routine Processing	53.9	Moderate	3	mid-term
137	Mortgage Broker — Routine Processing	53.8	Moderate	2	mid-term
138	Event Catering Staff	53.6	Moderate	1	mid-term
139	Irrigation Technician	53.4	Moderate	24	mid-term
140	Paralegal	53.1	Moderate	4	mid-term
141	Junior Accountant	53	Moderate	3	near-term
142	Theme Park Attendant	52.6	Moderate	10	mid-term
143	Accountant — Routine Compliance	52.6	Moderate	4	mid-term
144	Subtitler / Captioner	51.9	Moderate	1	near-term
145	Exam Invigilator	51.2	Moderate	2	long-term
146	Customer Service Rep — Tier 1	51.1	Moderate	10	mid-term
147	Fitting Room Attendant	50.9	Moderate	1	mid-term
148	Land Surveyor	50.9	Moderate	20	mid-term
149	Bricklayer	50.6	Moderate	1	mid-term
150	Drone Pilot — Commercial Survey	50.1	Moderate	2	mid-term
151	Radiographer	50.1	Moderate	15	mid-term
152	Customs Inspector — Routine	50	Moderate	6	mid-term
153	Compliance Officer — Routine Checks	49.8	Moderate	2	mid-term
154	Patent Analyst	49.3	Moderate	2	mid-term
155	Chef — High-Volume Standardised	49.2	Moderate	1	mid-term
156	Medical Imaging Technician	49.2	Moderate	12	mid-term
157	Proofreader	49.2	Moderate	2	near-term
158	Glazier	49.2	Moderate	4	mid-term
159	Retail Loss Prevention Officer	48.8	Moderate	3	mid-term
160	Fire Safety Inspector	48.3	Moderate	10	mid-term
161	Quantity Surveyor — Routine	48.2	Moderate	4	mid-term
162	Software Tester — Manual	48	Moderate	3	mid-term
163	Police Community Support Officer	47.8	Moderate	2	long-term
164	Library Assistant	47.6	Moderate	3	long-term
165	Painter and Decorator	45.8	Moderate	2	mid-term
166	Pest Control Technician	45.2	Moderate	1	mid-term
167	Warehouse Manager	45	Moderate	3	mid-term
168	Phlebotomist	44.7	Moderate	12	mid-term
169	Vending Machine Technician	44.5	Moderate	2	mid-term
170	Plasterer	44.2	Moderate	2	mid-term
171	Floor Layer	43.7	Moderate	2	mid-term
172	Radiologist — Image Review Tasks	43.2	Moderate	3	mid-term
173	Roofer	43	Moderate	5	mid-term
174	Scaffolder	41.9	Moderate	2	long-term
175	Prison Officer — Routine Monitoring	41.7	Moderate	16	long-term
176	Sonographer	41.5	Moderate	13	mid-term
177	Dispensing Optician	41.3	Moderate	2	long-term
178	Event Security Steward	41.2	Moderate	5	mid-term
179	Building Inspector	40.8	Moderate	43	mid-term
180	Estate Agent — Property Admin	40.8	Moderate	3	long-term
181	Recruitment Screener	40.4	Moderate	4	mid-term
182	Home Health Aide	40.2	Moderate	28	mid-term
183	Pathologist — Lab Analysis	40.2	Moderate	12	mid-term
184	Supply Chain Analyst	39.8	Low	2	mid-term
185	School Administrator	39.7	Low	3	long-term
186	Crane Operator	39.6	Low	1	long-term
187	IT Support — Tier 1	39.4	Low	2	mid-term
188	Procurement Officer	39.1	Low	2	mid-term
189	Photo Editor	37.6	Low	3	mid-term
190	Production Line Supervisor	37.2	Low	8	mid-term
191	Retail Store Manager — Operations	36.8	Low	2	mid-term
192	Translator — Routine Documents	36.7	Low	1	mid-term
193	IT Help Desk Analyst	36.4	Low	2	mid-term
194	Driving Instructor	35.9	Low	10	mid-term
195	Retail Buyer — Junior	35.6	Low	3	mid-term
196	STEM Lab Technician	35.5	Low	3	long-term
197	School Librarian	35.4	Low	2	long-term
198	Executive Assistant	35.4	Low	1	mid-term
199	Sous Chef	34.9	Low	1	long-term
200	Nuclear Site Security Officer	34.7	Low	17	long-term
201	Market Research Analyst	34.6	Low	3	mid-term
202	Council Housing Officer	34.5	Low	0	long-term
203	Social Worker	33.5	Low	8	long-term
204	Firefighter — Routine Inspection	33.2	Low	7	long-term
205	Care Home Worker	32.1	Low	17	mid-term
206	Elderly Care Worker	32.1	Low	17	mid-term
207	Video Editor — Routine Cuts	30.3	Low	8	mid-term
208	Primary School Teacher — Admin Tasks	29.8	Low	10	long-term
209	Corporate Trainer	27.1	Low	10	long-term
210	IT Network Technician	26.1	Low	3	long-term
211	Personal Trainer — Routine Plans	24.9	Low	1	long-term
212	Teaching Assistant	24.5	Low	3	long-term
213	Surgical Robot Operator	23.4	Low	13	long-term
214	Nurse — Routine Monitoring Tasks	23.1	Low	10	mid-term
215	Copywriter — Routine Content	21.6	Low	3	mid-term
216	3D Modeller	20.7	Low	4	mid-term
217	Plumber — Complex Fault Diagnosis	20.4	Low	2	long-term
218	Legal Researcher	20.4	Low	2	long-term
219	Special Education Assistant	19.9	Minimal	17	speculative
220	Visual Merchandiser	19.6	Minimal	2	long-term
221	Systems Administrator	19.5	Minimal	2	long-term
222	Vocational Trainer	17.8	Minimal	3	long-term
223	HVAC Technician	17.7	Minimal	4	long-term
224	Events Coordinator	16.8	Minimal	2	long-term
225	Motion Graphics Artist	16.6	Minimal	3	long-term
226	Occupational Therapist	16.1	Minimal	18	long-term
227	Flight Instructor	16.1	Minimal	2	long-term
228	Online Tutor	15.2	Minimal	3	long-term
229	Financial Analyst — Data Processing	15	Minimal	3	long-term
230	Physiotherapist	14.6	Minimal	12	long-term
231	Actuary — Routine Modelling	14.1	Minimal	2	long-term
232	Social Media Manager	13.9	Minimal	3	long-term
233	Paramedic	13.4	Minimal	7	long-term
234	Early Years Educator	13.3	Minimal	7	speculative
235	Camera Operator — Broadcast	12.9	Minimal	1	long-term
236	Health Visitor	12.8	Minimal	9	speculative
237	Emergency Room Surgeon	11.6	Minimal	2	speculative
238	Dental Hygienist	11.4	Minimal	1	long-term
239	Electrician — Fault Diagnosis	11.3	Minimal	1	long-term
240	Audiologist	10.9	Minimal	2	speculative
241	Podcast Producer	10.8	Minimal	2	speculative
242	Prosthetist / Orthotist	10.7	Minimal	3	speculative
243	Journalist — Data-Driven Reporting	10.3	Minimal	2	long-term
244	Museum Curator	10.1	Minimal	10	speculative
245	Optometrist	10	Minimal	2	speculative
246	Primary Care Physician	9.8	Minimal	3	long-term
247	Graphic Designer — Production	9.4	Minimal	3	long-term
248	Sound Engineer — Live Events	9	Minimal	2	speculative
249	Artist — Original Creative Work	8.1	Minimal	4	speculative
250	Investigative Journalist	7.8	Minimal	3	speculative
251	Architect — Creative Design	7.6	Minimal	5	speculative
252	Psychologist / Therapist	7.6	Minimal	8	speculative
253	Database Administrator	7.3	Minimal	2	speculative
254	Midwife	7	Minimal	2	speculative
255	Cybersecurity Analyst	6.4	Minimal	2	speculative
256	University Professor — Research	6.4	Minimal	2	speculative
257	Civil Engineer — Structural Design	5.7	Minimal	5	speculative
258	Senior Software Engineer	3.5	Minimal	3	speculative
259	Criminal Defence Lawyer	2.8	Minimal	0	speculative
260	Entrepreneur	2.5	Minimal	2	speculative
261	Priest / Religious Leader	2	Minimal	0	speculative