Which jobs are most likely to be replaced by robots?

The occupations with the highest robot impact today are Assembly Line Worker: Repetitive, Warehouse Picker / Packer, Welder: Repetitive Production, Floor Cleaning Staff: Commercial, Hospital Ward Cleaner. Each scores above 80 on the Geppetto Robot Impact Index, combining high physical repetition with low judgment requirements, which is why commercial robots target them first.

Which jobs are safest from robot automation?

The occupations least affected by robots score below 10 on the Geppetto Robot Impact Index and center on human judgment, trust, and unstructured problem solving: Priest / Religious Leader, Entrepreneur, Criminal Defence Lawyer, Senior Software Engineer, Civil Engineer: Structural Design.

How is the Robot Impact Score calculated?

It is a composite: task-automation research (35 percent, the Oxford Frey and Osborne score), IFR robot deployment data (30 percent), an academic-consensus score (20 percent, the average of the Oxford score and the OECD risk band), and robot density, the count of commercial robots targeting the role (15 percent). It is Geppetto's own measure, not produced or endorsed by those sources. It describes an occupation category, not any individual person's job.

Will Robots Replace My Job? 260+ Professions Ranked by Robot Impact

The Geppetto Jobs Index scores 261 occupations from 0 to 100 for robot impact, measuring how much commercial robot deployment is observably affecting each role today. It is a composite of task-automation research (the Oxford Frey and Osborne score), International Federation of Robotics deployment data, OECD academic research, and the number of commercial robots currently targeting each occupation. The highest-impact role is Assembly Line Worker: Repetitive, scoring 92.7 out of 100.

Rank	Profession	Robot Impact Score	Impact	Robots Targeting	Timeline
1	Assembly Line Worker: Repetitive	92.7	Very High	254	near-term
2	Warehouse Picker / Packer	90.6	Very High	25	near-term
3	Welder: Repetitive Production	86	Very High	237	near-term
4	Floor Cleaning Staff: Commercial	86	Very High	48	near-term
5	Hospital Ward Cleaner	84.4	Very High	57	near-term
6	Packaging Machine Operator	83.6	Very High	246	near-term
7	Material Handler	83.1	Very High	252	near-term
8	Delivery Driver: Last Mile	82.4	Very High	17	near-term
9	Press Operator	82.2	Very High	240	near-term
10	Inventory Clerk	81.4	Very High	25	near-term
11	CNC Machine Operator	80.4	Very High	244	near-term
12	Die Caster	80.1	Very High	240	near-term
13	Street Cleaner	80.1	Very High	41	near-term
14	Food Delivery Rider	79.9	High	16	near-term
15	Truck Loader / Unloader	79.7	High	25	near-term
16	Toll Booth Operator	79.5	High	2	near-term
17	Food Processing Worker	78.8	High	241	near-term
18	E-Commerce Order Picker	78.4	High	25	near-term
19	Port Stevedore	77.9	High	33	near-term
20	Hotel Housekeeper	77.8	High	47	near-term
21	Agricultural Picker / Harvester	77.3	High	37	near-term
22	Traffic Warden	77.1	High	3	near-term
23	Static Security Guard: Patrol	76.9	High	20	near-term
24	Shipping Clerk	76.6	High	20	near-term
25	Price Labelling Clerk	76.5	High	24	near-term
26	Fruit Grader / Packer	76.5	High	32	near-term
27	Quality Control Inspector: Visual	76.5	High	249	near-term
28	CCTV Surveillance Operator	76.2	High	31	near-term
29	Crop Sprayer Operator	76	High	31	near-term
30	Freight Loader	75.8	High	26	near-term
31	Grocery Store Cashier	75.6	High	2	near-term
32	Forklift Operator	73.8	High	20	near-term
33	Metal Fabricator	73.8	High	245	near-term
34	Electronic Assembler	73.5	High	10	near-term
35	Hotel Laundry Attendant	73.5	High	47	mid-term
36	Airport Baggage Handler	73.1	High	27	mid-term
37	Battery Assembly Worker	73.1	High	11	near-term
38	Hotel Room Service Staff	72.7	High	15	near-term
39	Refuse Collector	72.6	High	2	mid-term
40	Parking Enforcement Officer	72.3	High	1	near-term
41	Fast Food Worker	72.3	High	8	near-term
42	Luggage Porter: Hotel	72.1	High	16	near-term
43	Postal Counter Clerk	72	High	1	mid-term
44	Cruise Ship Steward	71.3	High	40	mid-term
45	Dishwasher: Commercial	71.1	High	8	near-term
46	Courier: Bike / E-Bike	70.8	High	9	near-term
47	Paint Spray Operator	70.4	High	3	near-term
48	Car Park Attendant: Automated Sites	70.3	High	3	near-term
49	Carpet Cleaner	70	High	48	near-term
50	Car Wash Attendant	69.9	High	2	near-term
51	Petrol Station Attendant	69.8	High	3	near-term
52	Returns Processing Clerk	69.5	High	20	near-term
53	Laundry Worker: Commercial	69.5	High	47	mid-term
54	Census Enumerator	69.4	High	3	near-term
55	Injection Moulding Operator	69.2	High	10	near-term
56	Residential Window Cleaner	69.1	High	48	near-term
57	Court Clerk	69.1	High	2	mid-term
58	Soldering Technician	68.9	High	13	near-term
59	Dairy Farm Worker	68.1	High	26	near-term
60	Hotel Concierge: Basic	68.1	High	17	near-term
61	Hospital Porter	68.1	High	26	near-term
62	Lawn Maintenance Worker	67.9	High	5	near-term
63	Receptionist: Routine Check-in	67.7	High	9	near-term
64	Grain Elevator Operator	67.2	High	19	near-term
65	Gutter Cleaning Technician	67.1	High	43	near-term
66	Postal / Mail Worker	66.8	High	10	mid-term
67	Industrial Painter	66.6	High	5	near-term
68	Hotel Front Desk Agent	66.2	High	9	near-term
69	Security Control Room Operator	66.2	High	13	near-term
70	Ironing Service Worker	66.1	High	40	mid-term
71	Mushroom Farm Worker	65.9	High	19	near-term
72	Airport Security Screener	65.8	High	16	mid-term
73	Parking Attendant	65.7	High	2	near-term
74	Tractor Operator	65.6	High	22	mid-term
75	Supermarket Stock Auditor	65.5	High	2	near-term
76	Line Cook	65.3	High	8	near-term
77	Facade Cleaning Technician	65.3	High	39	near-term
78	Pharmacy Counter Assistant	65.2	High	12	near-term
79	Hotel Bellhop	64.3	High	16	near-term
80	Semiconductor Fab Technician	64.2	High	3	near-term
81	Taxi / Ride-Share Driver	63.9	High	2	mid-term
82	Pipeline Inspector	63.7	High	27	near-term
83	Weighbridge Operator	63.6	High	2	near-term
84	Vineyard Worker	63.3	High	22	mid-term
85	Pool Maintenance Technician	62.9	High	0	near-term
86	Textile Machine Operator	62.3	High	3	near-term
87	Restaurant Server	62	High	16	mid-term
88	Sterile Services Technician	61.9	High	14	near-term
89	Rubber Products Worker	61.8	High	2	near-term
90	Bus Driver	61.6	High	3	mid-term
91	Data Entry Clerk	61.2	High	2	near-term
92	Bank Teller	60.7	High	2	near-term
93	Machine Setter / Setter-Operator	60.4	High	11	near-term
94	Wood Machine Operator	60.4	High	2	near-term
95	Construction Labourer	60.3	High	19	mid-term
96	Train Driver	60.3	High	2	mid-term
97	Concrete Finisher	60.1	High	11	near-term
98	Patient Transport Driver	59.9	Moderate	1	mid-term
99	Aquaculture Worker	59.8	Moderate	52	mid-term
100	Bartender	59.6	Moderate	8	mid-term
101	Glass Cutter	59.6	Moderate	3	near-term
102	Shelf Stacker: Retail	59.4	Moderate	2	near-term
103	Container Crane Operator	59.2	Moderate	3	mid-term
104	Clinical Coder	59.2	Moderate	11	near-term
105	Retail Security Tag Checker	58.9	Moderate	3	near-term
106	Sheet Metal Worker	58.6	Moderate	11	near-term
107	Livestock Farm Worker	58.4	Moderate	19	mid-term
108	Tax Preparer	58.2	Moderate	3	near-term
109	Demolition Worker	58	Moderate	4	mid-term
110	Greenhouse Grower	57.9	Moderate	23	mid-term
111	Insurance Claims Assessor	57.8	Moderate	3	mid-term
112	Call Centre Agent	57.6	Moderate	2	near-term
113	Road Surface Worker	57.1	Moderate	11	mid-term
114	Office Administrator	56.8	Moderate	2	near-term
115	Medical Secretary	56.8	Moderate	2	near-term
116	Long-Haul Truck Driver	56.4	Moderate	2	mid-term
117	Blood Bank Technician	56.2	Moderate	14	mid-term
118	Cash Transit Guard	56.2	Moderate	10	mid-term
119	Fleet Dispatcher	55.9	Moderate	3	mid-term
120	Surveying & Mapping Technician	55.7	Moderate	42	mid-term
121	Plant Nursery Worker	55.7	Moderate	24	mid-term
122	Lab Technician: Routine Testing	55.6	Moderate	18	mid-term
123	Snow Removal Worker	55.3	Moderate	5	mid-term
124	Immigration Officer	55.3	Moderate	3	mid-term
125	Insurance Underwriter	55.2	Moderate	2	near-term
126	Data Labeller / Content Indexer	55	Moderate	2	near-term
127	Bookkeeper	54.9	Moderate	4	near-term
128	Pharmacy Dispenser: Routine	54.8	Moderate	11	mid-term
129	Credit Analyst	54.7	Moderate	2	mid-term
130	Barista	54.7	Moderate	1	near-term
131	Border Security Officer: Routine Checks	54.6	Moderate	17	mid-term
132	Tunnel Worker	54.4	Moderate	4	mid-term
133	Job Centre Adviser	54.4	Moderate	2	mid-term
134	Payroll Clerk	54.3	Moderate	2	near-term
135	Legal Secretary	54.3	Moderate	2	near-term
136	Loan Officer: Routine Processing	53.9	Moderate	3	mid-term
137	Mortgage Broker: Routine Processing	53.8	Moderate	2	mid-term
138	Event Catering Staff	53.6	Moderate	1	mid-term
139	Irrigation Technician	53.4	Moderate	24	mid-term
140	Paralegal	53.1	Moderate	4	mid-term
141	Junior Accountant	53	Moderate	3	near-term
142	Accountant: Routine Compliance	52.6	Moderate	4	mid-term
143	Theme Park Attendant	52.4	Moderate	10	mid-term
144	Subtitler / Captioner	51.9	Moderate	1	near-term
145	Exam Invigilator	51.2	Moderate	2	long-term
146	Customer Service Rep: Tier 1	51.1	Moderate	10	mid-term
147	Land Surveyor	51	Moderate	22	mid-term
148	Fitting Room Attendant	50.9	Moderate	1	mid-term
149	Bricklayer	50.7	Moderate	3	mid-term
150	Customs Inspector: Routine	50.7	Moderate	8	mid-term
151	Drone Pilot: Commercial Survey	50.1	Moderate	2	mid-term
152	Radiographer	49.8	Moderate	15	mid-term
153	Compliance Officer: Routine Checks	49.8	Moderate	2	mid-term
154	Glazier	49.3	Moderate	6	mid-term
155	Patent Analyst	49.3	Moderate	2	mid-term
156	Proofreader	49.2	Moderate	2	near-term
157	Chef: High-Volume Standardised	49.2	Moderate	1	mid-term
158	Medical Imaging Technician	48.6	Moderate	11	mid-term
159	Retail Loss Prevention Officer	48.4	Moderate	2	mid-term
160	Fire Safety Inspector	48.3	Moderate	13	mid-term
161	Quantity Surveyor: Routine	48.2	Moderate	4	mid-term
162	Software Tester: Manual	48	Moderate	3	mid-term
163	Police Community Support Officer	47.8	Moderate	2	long-term
164	Library Assistant	47.5	Moderate	3	long-term
165	Painter and Decorator	46	Moderate	4	mid-term
166	Pest Control Technician	45.2	Moderate	1	mid-term
167	Warehouse Manager	45	Moderate	3	mid-term
168	Vending Machine Technician	44.5	Moderate	2	mid-term
169	Plasterer	44.3	Moderate	4	mid-term
170	Phlebotomist	44.1	Moderate	11	mid-term
171	Floor Layer	43.9	Moderate	4	mid-term
172	Radiologist: Image Review Tasks	43.2	Moderate	3	mid-term
173	Roofer	43.1	Moderate	7	mid-term
174	Scaffolder	42.1	Moderate	4	long-term
175	Prison Officer: Routine Monitoring	41.7	Moderate	14	long-term
176	Dispensing Optician	41.2	Moderate	2	long-term
177	Sonographer	41	Moderate	12	mid-term
178	Building Inspector	40.9	Moderate	46	mid-term
179	Estate Agent: Property Admin	40.8	Moderate	3	long-term
180	Recruitment Screener	40.4	Moderate	4	mid-term
181	Home Health Aide	40.2	Moderate	30	mid-term
182	Event Security Steward	39.8	Low	3	mid-term
183	Supply Chain Analyst	39.8	Low	2	mid-term
184	School Administrator	39.7	Low	3	long-term
185	Crane Operator	39.6	Low	1	long-term
186	Pathologist: Lab Analysis	39.6	Low	11	mid-term
187	IT Support: Tier 1	39.4	Low	2	mid-term
188	Procurement Officer	39.1	Low	2	mid-term
189	Photo Editor	37.6	Low	3	mid-term
190	Production Line Supervisor	37.2	Low	8	mid-term
191	Retail Store Manager: Operations	36.8	Low	2	mid-term
192	Translator: Routine Documents	36.7	Low	1	mid-term
193	IT Help Desk Analyst	36.4	Low	2	mid-term
194	Driving Instructor	35.9	Low	10	mid-term
195	Retail Buyer: Junior	35.6	Low	3	mid-term
196	STEM Lab Technician	35.5	Low	3	long-term
197	School Librarian	35.4	Low	2	long-term
198	Executive Assistant	35.4	Low	1	mid-term
199	Sous Chef	34.9	Low	1	long-term
200	Nuclear Site Security Officer	34.7	Low	17	long-term
201	Market Research Analyst	34.6	Low	3	mid-term
202	Council Housing Officer	34.5	Low	0	long-term
203	Social Worker	33.5	Low	10	long-term
204	Firefighter: Routine Inspection	33.2	Low	9	long-term
205	Care Home Worker	32.7	Low	20	mid-term
206	Elderly Care Worker	32.7	Low	20	mid-term
207	Video Editor: Routine Cuts	30.3	Low	8	mid-term
208	Primary School Teacher: Admin Tasks	29.8	Low	10	long-term
209	Corporate Trainer	27.1	Low	10	long-term
210	IT Network Technician	26.1	Low	3	long-term
211	Personal Trainer: Routine Plans	24.9	Low	1	long-term
212	Teaching Assistant	24.4	Low	3	long-term
213	Nurse: Routine Monitoring Tasks	23.5	Low	12	mid-term
214	Surgical Robot Operator	22.9	Low	12	long-term
215	Copywriter: Routine Content	21.6	Low	3	mid-term
216	3D Modeller	20.7	Low	4	mid-term
217	Special Education Assistant	20.5	Low	20	speculative
218	Legal Researcher	20.4	Low	2	long-term
219	Plumber: Complex Fault Diagnosis	20.4	Low	2	long-term
220	Visual Merchandiser	19.6	Minimal	2	long-term
221	Systems Administrator	19.5	Minimal	2	long-term
222	Vocational Trainer	17.8	Minimal	3	long-term
223	HVAC Technician	17.7	Minimal	4	long-term
224	Events Coordinator	16.8	Minimal	2	long-term
225	Motion Graphics Artist	16.6	Minimal	3	long-term
226	Occupational Therapist	16.3	Minimal	20	long-term
227	Flight Instructor	16.1	Minimal	2	long-term
228	Online Tutor	15.1	Minimal	3	long-term
229	Financial Analyst: Data Processing	15	Minimal	3	long-term
230	Physiotherapist	14.6	Minimal	13	long-term
231	Actuary: Routine Modelling	14.1	Minimal	2	long-term
232	Paramedic	13.9	Minimal	9	long-term
233	Social Media Manager	13.9	Minimal	3	long-term
234	Early Years Educator	13.8	Minimal	9	speculative
235	Health Visitor	13.3	Minimal	11	speculative
236	Camera Operator: Broadcast	12.9	Minimal	1	long-term
237	Emergency Room Surgeon	11.6	Minimal	2	speculative
238	Dental Hygienist	11.4	Minimal	1	long-term
239	Electrician: Fault Diagnosis	11.3	Minimal	1	long-term
240	Podcast Producer	10.8	Minimal	2	speculative
241	Audiologist	10.8	Minimal	2	speculative
242	Prosthetist / Orthotist	10.7	Minimal	3	speculative
243	Journalist: Data-Driven Reporting	10.3	Minimal	2	long-term
244	Museum Curator	10.1	Minimal	10	speculative
245	Optometrist	9.9	Minimal	2	speculative
246	Primary Care Physician	9.8	Minimal	3	long-term
247	Graphic Designer: Production	9.4	Minimal	3	long-term
248	Sound Engineer: Live Events	9	Minimal	2	speculative
249	Artist: Original Creative Work	8.1	Minimal	4	speculative
250	Psychologist / Therapist	8	Minimal	10	speculative
251	Investigative Journalist	7.8	Minimal	3	speculative
252	Architect: Creative Design	7.6	Minimal	5	speculative
253	Database Administrator	7.3	Minimal	2	speculative
254	Midwife	6.9	Minimal	2	speculative
255	Cybersecurity Analyst	6.4	Minimal	2	speculative
256	University Professor: Research	6.3	Minimal	2	speculative
257	Civil Engineer: Structural Design	5.7	Minimal	5	speculative
258	Senior Software Engineer	3.5	Minimal	3	speculative
259	Criminal Defence Lawyer	2.8	Minimal	0	speculative
260	Entrepreneur	2.5	Minimal	2	speculative
261	Priest / Religious Leader	2	Minimal	0	speculative